Justice speaks up

As we, the national American people, have remembered that time has some foreign diplomatic relations who have shown up exact events of the election 2020, which were the Germany Diplomatist and Italian Diplomatist have posted and sent fraud events of the elections to the American Government which are why the US Department of Justice has not only recorded that news but also didn't investigate that news to be right or wrong. In the opinion that the foreign Diplomatist has shown the fraud computers again because that news hasn't belonged to his duty and responsibility, he only skimmed through them. If the independent American investigators should find this news out, let them clearly make out where they are right or wrong. For he quotes, “Justice speaks up as the world peace and happiness when justice shuts down as the human world to be chaotic.” Bright Quang

One society only expresses useful liars, untruthful, and self-destroyed one great powerful and modern civilized nation and the national people by ambitious enrichment boundless when they have never self-respected their sublime personality. Bright Quang

No great powerful countries have not only respected humankind

No great powerful countries have not only respected humankind but also helped any foreign nations to build happiness and peace. For example, the United States of America has self-enacted H.R. 7885-Public Law 88-205 Approved on Dec. 16, 1963, after it killed President Ngo D. Diem- in the meanwhile, it was building for thirty-years inhuman war and strongly forcing the Vietnamese people and Southern officials that we ought to pay the income tax for the American Government- and then, it has self-torn three multilateral and the thirty-seven bilateral treaties signed with the Republic of Vietnam. After that, it has earned th

e income tax from the Vietnamese people and Southern Officials which are profited more than its foreign assistance aid to support the Republic of Vietnam, and then, it has self-sold Vietnam to mainland China. Finally, it has self-left South-East Asia to mainland China in the thirty years when it came to the Middle East to build the wars. In the meanwhile, Russian troops were strongly attacking the American troops. So, President Obama called for an axis of turns to Southeast Asia in order to build a new war. More importantly, national Philippines were left behind by the international treaties by the United States- therefore, Philippines has self-returned with mainland China. So, the United States of America must enforce the United States treaties when it forced the Philippines that carried out the United States treaties from July 4, 1946, to now with the United States of America. In conclusion, no great powerful countries have self-respecting any sovereignty of the foreign nations and people. They always build the wars like Russia has not only invaded national Ukraine but also robbed the land and natural resources without having dared to send their troops to fight against Russia, but they have been consuming so much of their expired weapons, let them create the newest and modernist weapons and protect their manufacturing industries. So, innocent people are completely killed by their bombs when they are very interesting.

Dear Senator Chuck Schumer majority Leader Sir,

Dear Senator Chuck Schumer majority Leader Sir, I would like to appreciate you so much because you have reminded me to sign on your requisition. So, I would like to quickly do it. Second, by the way, I would highly appreciate you. because the last few months have been gone, you have firmly promised me that you would resolve for my settlement case for prisoners of war- therefore, I have been waiting as long as my neck, patiently waited for your help for me when I would like to submit my kind proposal to you - however, I haven't received any important words from you. Finally, even if, you have reviewed my proposal, I would like to beg you to give me a little word of encouragement. As you understand about me that am the same as a young baby who is, thirst for waiting for his mother to give milk during, he was hungering for mother milk. Even good, as an American citizen is low neck when he is hopeful to give a little good chance in his life like my unlucky life is waiting for the best sacraments from your majority leader- just because your good sacrament is the same as Constitutional court of the United States of America sentences ordered. More importantly, I am hopeful that you please give me a little word of my settlement case- Even more, deems almost with persistence’s would like to beg you within my proposal already. As my part, my soul, brain, heart and whole life would be dedicated to you, let you control wherever you want to order me. Respectfully yours

Bright Quang

Rationalism

Rationalism By Bright Quang As we, the national American people, have not only pointed out article by Byron Tau.tau@wsj.com but also remembered Ex-speaker of House Nancy who impeached for two times President Trump when she prosecuted him violated because President Trump has violated to the right of presidential candidates who is Ex- Vice President Joe Biden to be a famous political- however, that Ex-vice president, at this time, couldn't yet have appointed for any presidential cand

idate as like Ex-president's present which is why Madam has impeached President Trump. In fact, Ex-president Trump is one of a few American presidential candidates when he has been prosecuting more matters by his rival. What does The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantee equal protection of the law 1,2,3 do? Why is an American president working in his office without having the right claims to request a clear investigation election 2020? So, rationalism of the American Courts must hold independence to express the rule of law when modern civilized and great powerful America isn't over dyed so much mud.

Objiective Truth

Why is an American president working in his office without having the right claims to request a clear investigation election 2020? So, objective truth of the American Courts must hold independence to express the rule of law when modern civilized and great powerful America isn't overdyed so much mud. Bright Quang.

The ethical conscience and integrity

The ethical conscience and integrity of American officials ought to express the loyalty, just cause, and justice of the great powerful America rather than their dirt hearts, corruption and bribes and conspiracy politicalizes. Even more, these conducts don't have self-respect, so America's founding Fathers would get permanent sadness and national pride is lost. Bright Quang

Claims Settlement Commission of the US to Department of Justice-US Code §

Claims Settlement Commission of the US to Department of Justice-US Code §, Bright Quang Bright Quang · Follow 5 min read · Jul 8, 2018 The foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States, established and under Reorganization Plan Number 1 of 1954, is hereby transferred to department of Justice as separate agency within that Department. (public law.96–209, title I, 101, Mar.14,1980, 94 Stat.96.) 22 U.S.Code§ 1622.a 22 U.S.Code§ 1622b 22 U.S.Code§ 1622c 22 U.S.Code§ 1622d 22 U.S.Code § 1622e 22 U.S.Code§ 1622f 22 U.S.Code § 1622g The plaintiff would like to prove this title 22 U.S.Code §1622. a transfer of Foreign Claims Settlement because between the US and Republic of Vietnam were partnership each other- during, no statutory of the US has deleted a some of Agreements and International Treaties of Republic of Vietnam and the United States that were approved by the United States Congress. Therefore, the evaluation of the international relations is between the United States and the Republic of Vietnam is yet validity in law of the United States of America. To prove 22 U.S.C. §§ 1571_1604. P.L 329, 81st Congresses-63 Stat- 714. 23,1950-Mutual Defense Assistance Program [7]. H.R. 5490 Foreign Assistance Act of 1963. Hearing before of Representatives- Eighty-Eight Congress-From April 23,24,25, and 29, 1963. A question 3: Q.1.-How well does the present situations vis-à-vis the Vietcong- in its military, political, economic, and social aspects -compare with 6 months ago? What is the evidence on which your appraisal is based? A. 1.- The most obvious indication of an improvement of the situation is first the confidence of the people in a system which can give them final victory over communism… ____________ 7.Furthermore, the United States and Viet-Nam are parties to the agreement for Mutual Defense Assistance in Indochina of December 23, 1950 (TIAS 2447; 3 U.S.T. 2756) which was concluded pursuant to P.L. 329, 81st Congress (63 Stat. 714, 22 U.S.C. 1571- 1604). The sovereignty of Republic of Vietnam was approved by the US Congress that both nations are equal in all. Or December 21, 1951. Excerpt From Mutual Security Act of 1951PublicLaw165–82dCongress Chapter 479–1st Session H.R. 5113 Q. 2.- When the Government of Vietnam and the Government of the United States are working and fighting for the same aim, why is there some mutual irritation, evident and continuous, apparent on both sides? What is the remedy? A. 2.- One must consider the relationship between the United States and Vietnam as well as the relationship between the United States and the undeveloped countries as contacts between different culture and civilizations and not as a mere temporary pooling of material means to fight against Communist invasion, as people generally think, both among the Vietnam and the America. Q. 3.- Even go good a friend of Vietnam as Senator Mansfield recently reaffirmed his respect for you, while complaining against “Authoritarian rule.” How do you interpret the Senator’s remarks? A. 3.- I have already dealt with the problem of democracy underdevelopment which not only Vietnam but all the underdeveloped countries have to face, and with different ways in which these countries have sought to solve this historic problem during the last 20 years. I have said how South Vietnam, while fighting a war and carrying out a revolution, endeavors for its part to reduce this fundamental contradiction between liberty and forced march forward (U.S News& world Report of Feb. 18,1963) Now I find that if it is unfair to assess the situation in South Vietnam and in Southeast Asia by the Mansfield report, it would be equality unfair to judge our good friend Senator Mansfield only by this collective and hasty report as well as by the publicity accorded it. H.R. 7885 — Public law, 88–205, approved December 16,1963 Authorized $3,599,050,000 in foreign aid funds for fiscal 1964. The administration had requested $4.5 billion, the House passed $3.5 billion, and the Senate passed $3.7 billion. Major provisions are: Funds for fiscal years 1964 Development loans…………………………$925,000,000 Development grants…………………………………..$220,000,000 School and hospitals abroad……………………………$19,000,000 Alliance for Progress……………………………………$525,000,000 International organizations……………………………$136,050,000 Supporting assistance…………………………………..$380,000,000 Contingency fund………………………………………..$160,000,000 Military assistance……………………………………$1,000,000,000 Administration………………………………………..$54,000,000 Latin American development……………….$180,000,000 Total………………………………………………….$ 3,599,050,000 Expressed as the sense of Congress that the institution of full investment guaranty programs with all recipient countries would be regarded as a significant measure of self-help by such as countries improving the climate for private investment both domestic and foreign. Also expressed as the sense of Congress that aid should be extended to or withheld from the Government of South Vietnam in the discretion of the President, to further the objectives of victory in war against communism and the return to their homeland of Americans involved in that struggle. Bars assistance under the Development Loan Fund unless the President determines the project is a part of the economic development of the country and specifically provides for appropriate participation by private enterprise. Reduced the development Loan Fund authorization from $1.5 billion to $925 million for fiscal year 1964. Authorizes a total of $220 million in new authority for development grants and technical cooperation ( excluding Alliance for progress) in fiscal year 1964. SEC. 406. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30,1964, and for each fiscal year thereafter, such sums as may be necessary for the cost of administering the provisions of this Act FEDERAL CONTROL NOT AUTHORIZED SEC. 407. No department, agency, officer, or employee of the United States shall, under authority of this Act, exercise any direction, supervision, or control over, or impose any requirements or conditions with respect to, the personnel, curriculum, methods of instruction, or administration of any educational institution. Approved Dec. 16, 1963, 11 a.m. The statutory is 22 .U.S.C.§2151(a)(b). Sept. 4, 1961 (a)United States development cooperation policy. The Congress finds that fundamental political, economic, and technological changes have resulted in the interdependence of nations. The Congress declares that the individual liberties, economic prosperity, and security of the people of the States are best sustained and enhanced in a community of nations which respect individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which work together to use wisely the world’s limited resources in an open and equitable international economic system. Military Like what you read? Give Bright Quang a round of applause. From a quick cheer to a standing ovation, clap to show how much you enjoyed this story. What does he somehow understand about to Rule of law or Rule by law of the government of the United States of America because Distort justice is national traitor? Foreign Policy

The Absolute Truth

The absolute truth doesn't belong to the great powerful countries' foreign invaders, but the absolute truth has valuably qualified sovereignties to belong to many nations that were invaded by great powerful countries. Bright Quang

The Integrity

The integrity of the American officials should express their value dignity when they are proudly representing for the American national people and great powerful America without having corruption, bribes, and conspiracy politicalizes. Bright Quang

The Fourteenth Amendment- Equal Protection for All.

The Fourteenth Amendment- Equal Protection for All. According to the United States Statutes had not had any plaintiffs to be the defendants just because the US department of Justice ought to clearly investigated what have the plaintiffs had matters to take place on general election 2000? For example, why have the Ex- leaders' FBI and CIA together signed the letter's defamation for President Trump secretly related to the Russian Government, but they were connecting with the foreign spy to defame President Trump? Next, why is modern civilized America ordering the American ballots by the foreign mainland C

hina when the ballots came from Canada to the United States while the American police arrested these matters, but the US Department of Justice didn't investigate this event? And the Democratic and republican censored ballots are checking in them. Which democratic team has fired Republicans when they are checking the ballots? And so on. Therefore, one sentence must require the independent investigators without having conspiracy theory politicalized because of the Fourteenth Amendment- Equal Protection for All.

Arrogance

Arrogance of great powerful countries has been born for the rules by law, unjust law, and disloyalty. Let them rule humankind by their bombs and atomic weapons. Bright Quang

Humansim

No, humanism cannot build the society's rule of law. Bright Quang

Dear Senator Michael Bennet sir,

Dear Senator Michael Bennet sir, First, I would like to appreciate you so much because you have sent an email to me. Second, I would like to submit my settlement case for the Vietnamese American war minions to you because this settlement case has been submitted to the United States Congress and House already- however, I would think that you wouldn't have a good time to review my settlement case. And therefore, by the way, I would like to submit my settlement case to you. Third, when you are patient to review my settlement case, your equal heart should evaluate my settlement case within your white prism because you are one of one hundred members of our Constitutional Court w

hen you base on the United States Constitution and law. Let you judge for my settlement case without having discriminated against the national color racist. Fourth, if your life were my life, how would you judge my settlement case without having prejudiced the indigenous laws and racist? Finally, according to the political Democratic party, I have been fellow feeling for more than third years in the past- however, my settlement case has been passed for three terms of the Democratic Party has ruled the United States Congress, which is why my settlement case hasn't yet resolved by the Constitutional court-even with your action, is one member of the judges of the Constitutional Court. As a result, what somehow am I trusting on the United States Congress that enacted the law and approved the US treaties? More importantly, when you help to resolve my settlement case, my body, life, soul, mind, and heart ought to belong to your life and Democratic party will forever control me when my end life will die without having regrets. Respectfully Yours Bright Quang

His Quotes

The ethical conscience of the person looks like the upstream, which runs to the sea. If anyone is without having a morality that is like well without water. Bright Quang

A core of the heart of the great powerful countries

A core of the heart of the great powerful countries of the world invades, subverts the foreign nations, robs the foreign natural resources, and assassinates the human beings when their demagogic laws fool the humankind than respectfully love peace and true happiness. Bright Quang

The Whole world ought to build the peaceful national neutral independence,

The Whole world ought to build the peaceful national neutral independence, In his opinion that the national Ukraine and great powerful Russia that they ought to finish war when they should build a national neutral nation which is the zones to occupied by Russia. That shall become a national

neutral which will not belong to Russia and Ukraine when the United Nations troops are always presented in this national neutral. Next, the national Ukraine is building the atomic factory. Let's produce its atomic weapons like Russia did. Finally, this nation shouldn't follow Russia or Ukraine, which is neutral independence under the United Nations Organization which is overseen by 24/24. This is a good political solution in order to save the blood bones of the innocent people. By Author's Bright Quang

His Quotes is Commented by Carole King Madam

Dear Madam Carole, I would like to appreciate Madam so much please share with me this quote: A wise man has self-torched a torch to open a new path, so he does not follow other older evil ways. Bright Quang Hide original message ----- Forwarded Message ----- From: Carole King To: "brightflora77@yahoo.com" Sent: Saturday, August 19, 2023 at 07:26:13 AM PDT Subject: Your voice is incredibly powerful! Hi -- It’s Carole King. I hope this email finds you well. I’ve been lucky that my voice has had a wide reach. Today I’m using my voice to let you know that your voice can help determine the future of our country. Elections hinge on the opinions of everyday people. Yet many Americans think their voices will be drowned out by the shouting matches at public meetings and cable news, trolling on social media, and scary, negative ads on TV. But Senate Democrats and the DSCC believe it’s deeply important that we listen to each other so we can lift up each other's voices and stories and make sure that every one of us is heard! And that’s why I’m inviting you to share your story. Democrats need your help to build a winning message to protect all the progress we’ve made and fight for all the progress still to come. Will you join my personal focus group right now by answering this survey? Your support made it possible for families to afford insulin without having to make heartbreaking decisions about what they could go without. Your engagement empowered our government to take historic steps toward meaningful climate action. And your feedback will help my friends at the DSCC focus on the issues that matter to voters the most and expand our Senate majority. Will you join my personal Democratic focus group right now by completing a quick survey? I hear you, and I thank you. Be well and stay cool this summer. – Carole

Bright Quang Quotes

When the truth speaks out, the barbarous men go to hell. Bright Quang

Good morning, America.

Good morning, America, Why has not resolved for his settlement case when the Congressional Court had approved it? Why have a few lawsuits of the Native Americans carried out the United States Constitution when the American courts approved, but his settlement case for the Vietnam War has enforced the United States Constitution and three American leaders have self-confessed wrongful actions in the Vietnam War by themselves that have to be written law in a legal action. Why has not you carried out his settlement case, but you have been told him to vote and donate? What did he do his American citizen when he died, he didn't have any land parts to bury his body? Why does he alive when he has been doing everything to enrich boundlessly to build this wonderful nation but when he died, he did not have any tomb parts to bury his body if he was unable to pay income tax, so the American local government shall dig his body up and throw anywhere? What does he do for his American citizen? More importantly, his real properties and sacred nation were sold to mainland China by your great powerful nation already without having compensated while the United States Constitution had not carried out to the Vietnam War role. Why do you protect national interests, but you have never respected the Vietnamese interests?

Violation case

If President Trump has violated criminals, President Kennedy, President Bush's son, and President Obama are too. Because not the United States Constitution allowed them to invade, subvert, and assassinate the leaders of the foreign nations when they were freely deprived of the right to the life of innocent human beings by having them judged by the Congressional Court of the United States of America.

Discussing Jurisprudence

Discussing Jurisprudence According to the American jurisprudence that it is very perfectly if the United States of America has entirely carried it out that the United States of America is number one - the United States of America has not only brought peace to the whole world but also dedicated for our human beings to be true happiness without having to take any inhuman wars place. However, the Hunter Biden case, Ex-President Trump case, and the Vietnam War, the United States Congress has enacted in one way but acted in others. To prove, the United States of America has self-revealed the disloyalty, unjust cause, and injustice of a great Powerful and most modern national America. First, the United States Department of Justice has, instead, self-expressed as "Unmitigated punishment for offenders." which is why the US Department of Justice has self-interfered into the US Foreign affairs while the United States Constitution hasn't allowed the Department of Justice to do this. Moreover, the US Attorney General Robert Kennedy has self- come to three national Asian countries like Kampuchea, Laos, and Vietnam while he would like to mobilize these nations to fight against socialism because this duty and responsibility haven't belonged to the United States Department of Justice. On the other hand, when the United States of America has self-betrayed these countries, the Department of Justice didn't resolve any settlement case because some Vietnamese American enslaver wars have been petitioned to the US Department of Justice. In case, the Hunter Biden was violated criminals by himself who is why the US Department of Justice has been protected him when the US Constitution declared and said, “All men are created equal, so Ex- Speaker of the House solemnly pronounced before the national American people and said, "No one is above the law." However, the US Department of Justice exactly protects the Hunter Biden case after the five years have gone without having any resulted- in the meanwhile, the Section1 of the Fourteenth Amendment says, “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” With respect to the United States Department of Justice isn't born the more templates to create difficulties for the American citizens when they have petitioned in the courts system, because the many templates haven't impressed for modern civilization, the Department of Justice should simples the templates in order to build up the easy American democracy, but the mandarin and authoritarian of the Department of Justice have been pushing the low American citizens to the hopeless of the justice. For example, his settlement case has decided by the United States Congress which are 22 U.S.C§2671- Definitions -on June 25, 1948, §2672, §2673,§ 2674,§2675, to §2680 and 22 USC§ 1622 a, .US. Code- Un- annotated Title 22. Transfer of Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States to department of Justice....and§1622b, §1622c, §1622d, §1622 e, § 1622f- Foreign Relation and Intercourse…that is why United States District Court-Northern District of California has ordered him to fill in the template (JDC.TEMPLATE- 05/17) when it ordered him to sign up with the Legal Help Center by email: federalprobonoproject@sfbar.org- however, he would like to contact with there by this email., and telephone is(415)782-8982. They didn’t respond to any calls and phone calls. Perhaps, there has not only discriminated against the national color race but also prejudiced the indigenous laws with the Vietnamese American war minion. In the same way, the duty and responsibility of the courts reviewed the settlement case and then, transferred to the US Department of Justice which is why United States District Court-Northern District of California has not only created difficulty but also denied to judge for prisoners of war and the limitation of this is compensated within $75.000.00. Contrary to the United States Congress has not only enacted 50 USC § 4105 Prisoners of War, on June 24, 1970 and 50 USC § 4101 (a) (b) (c) Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States; July 3, 1948 but also approved Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Third Geneva Convention), 75 U.N.T.S. 135, entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.Third Geneva Convention, art. 102. Ibid. art. 106. See Uniform Code of Military Justice, U.S.C. Title 10, Ch. 47 and Section 4- Overview: International Humanitarian Law Provisions concerning the end of International Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC (harvard.edu) United States District Court-Northern District of California has self-changed these to deny his settlement case. When the US Department of Justice forced the Vietnamese communist regime to provide unlimited compensation for the Native American, their properties were left behind of the cut and ran out of Vietnam on 30 April 1975. Finally, he would like to carry out 22 USC§ 2012-Submit copy law to the United States Congress as the Constitutional Court approved his settlement case in 2019 because the US Congress is represented by the Constitutional Court. While the US Department of Justice uses the delusive laws to impressive effect, let the national American people cannot touch justice. Second, the United States Congress has the right to impeach an American President's offence if he or she had violated the treasons crime. Just because, to follow with Constitution of the United States, the United States Congress has the rights to impeach the American presidents like President Nixon, Bill Clinton, and Trump –in the meanwhile, President Trump has been impeached him within two times by the United States Congress without having any resulted, so the US Department of Justice has been prosecuted for President Trump in order to revenge to private President Trump than performed justice of a great powerful country. In fact, in the case of Ex-President Trump that the US Department of Justice hasn't had the authority to prosecute him because the American Presidents are owned by the Constitutional Court to judge An American President if he was charged with treason. Admittedly, no Articles and Chapter of the US Constitution and Congress allowed the US Department of Justice which prosecuted any American Presidents. In accordance with Constitutional Rights, the Department of Justice isn't the right to prosecute any American Presidents because the United States Congress hadn't enacted any laws to allow the attorney general who prosecuted its presidents. Even so good, if the US Department of Justice has found out American President who violated crime like 18 USC§1346, the Department of Justice submitted trial to the United States Congress- for example, 18 USC§1346 says, “For the purposes of this chapter, the term “scheme or artifice to defraud” includes a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services.” Ironically, the United States Department of Defense law of War manual carries out the law of war which is why the US Department of Defense has never self-respected oneself. In this event, the United States Congress enacted 22 USC § 2451-Congressional statement of purpose- Law. Cornell.Edu- while the US Department of Defense has self-enacted the law of war, but the US Department of Defense didn’t fight against the enemy of the USA, but the US Department of Defense has self-destroyed its Vietnam ally without having regrets. To prove, the US Department of Defense’s Article: 2311.01, Publication July 2, 2020, section 2: RESPONSIBILITIES 7 a. Provides information to the Combatant Commanders, consistent with their respective - responsibilities in Paragraph 2.9., concerning reportable incidents: (1) Involving alleged violations of the law of war. Committed by persons outside of U.S. control, such as reportable incidents perpetrated against U.S. persons captured or detained by hostile groups. (2) Committed by or against U.S. coalition partners. On the other hand, the greatest powerful and modern civilized America enacted one way, but acted others - just because the United States Congress has the rights to enact the all laws which is why the US Department of Defense has self-enacted the law oneself, but it didn’t enforce its law oneself like Vietnam War. As responsibilities 7- paragraphs 1 & 2 which have self- unmasked the delusive law of a great powerful country in order to abuse the power to bully the weak national foreign people without having expressed human rights and peace. More importantly, the United States Foreign Affairs has not only been represented by the United States of America but also symbolized by modern civilized America like a superman guy who is bringing the biggest bell to beat on the whole world. Let humankind hear the bell’s voice. However, the bell’s voice of the United States of America is voiceless. For example, the United States Department of Foreign Affairs has been signed the treaties with the whole world like the toilet tissue – under such circumstances, the United States Department of Foreign Affairs has not only trapped the Republic of Vietnam by three multilateral and thirty-seven bilateral treaties, and so many international Relations of protocols without having effected to look like a game of hoax because the critical race theory of the United States of America expressed the discrimination against the national color by the American war is invasion and subversion than conscience of morality. Even worse, why has the United States of America had the fifty-seven enemies in the world because after WWII the United States has been built fifty-seven inhuman wars? If the good heart of the United States Department of Foreign Affairs really respected human rights and humanism, the United States Department of Foreign Affairs has never used its deceived treaties when the United States of America has built an inhuman war on the world. For example, the United States Department of Foreign Affairs has been signed the treaties with the whole world like the toilet tissue – under such circumstances, the United States Department of Foreign Affairs has not only trapped the Republic of Vietnam by three multilateral and thirty-seven bilateral treaties, and so many international Relations of protocols without having effected to look like a game of hoax because the critical race theory of the United States of America expressed the discrimination against the national color by the American war is invasion and subversion than conscience of morality. Even worse, why has the United States of America had the fifty-seven enemies in the world because after WWII the United States has been built fifty-seven inhuman wars? Third, the United States Congress has enacted unjust laws and treaties in the Vietnam War. In fact, the United States Congress has first enacted H.R 5490-Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, and then, amended into H.R.7885 Public law 88-205, and final 88th Congress’s to be 21 U.S.C § 2151- Section 406 and 407, Approved on Dec. 16, 1961, 11:00 am. In this event, the United States Congress just approved this Act, in the evening at 4:00 PM; President Kenney has quickly sent 400 American Armed Forces to the highland of Vietnam in emergency. In time, the United States Congress has cited the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution while the commander-in-chief of the Armed people Forces is American President, this is why the United States Congress enacted the law to allow President Kennedy that he sent the American Armed Forces to the Republic of Vietnam when Second Amendment said, “A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.” On the other, no constitution of the United States had solemnly protected any national foreign people which is why the United States Congress enacted the law to seize the Republic of Vietnam- but the United States Congress enacted the laws for the foreign claims settlement commission of the United States on July 3, 1948, 50 USC § 4101 the United States Department of Justice doesn’t enforce and the American courts system is too. That is why after the thirty years of the invaded and subverted war, the United States has self-torn the whole treaties signed with the Republic of Vietnam, and changed the Republic of Vietnam to be the dangerous enemy of the national American people. Why has the United States of America not cared about the integrity, loyalty, and just cause of a great powerful country with its Vietnam ally? Even if, Amendment thirteenth says, “The 13th Amendment was the first amendment to the United States Constitution during the period of Reconstruction. The amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865, and ended the argument about whether slavery was legal in the United States. The amendment reads, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction.”The 13th Amendment was necessary because the Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Abraham Lincoln in January of 1863, did not end slavery entirely; those enslaved in Border States had not been freed. The proclamation also did not address the issue of slavery in territories that would become states in the future. Lincoln and other leaders realized amending the Constitution was the only way to officially end slavery. The 13th Amendment forever abolished slavery as an institution in all U.S. states and territories. In the meanwhile, Convention to suppress the slave trade and slavery- Concluded at Geneva September 25, 1926. Entered into force March 9, 1927; for the United States March 21, 1929. 46 Tate. 2183; TS 778;2 bevans 607;60 LNTS 253. Done at New York December 7,1953. Entered into force December 7, 1953 for the United States march 7, 1956. 7 UST 479; TIAS 3532; 182 UNTS 51, and Supplementary convention on the abolition of slavery, the slave trade and institutions and practices similar to slavery. Done at Geneva September7, 1956. Entered into force April 30, 1957 for the United States December 6, 1967. 18 UST 3201; TIAS 6418; 266 UNTS 3. That is why the United States of America has self-changed one million South Vietnamese Armed Forces to be enslaved to war when the American Government solemnly promised to protect South-East-Asia including Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam. So, the US Congress has approved 22 US C §§ 1571_1604. P.L 329, 81st Congresses - 63 Stat- 714- December 23, 1950 which is why this written law has had an unjust law. The United States Department of Foreign Affairs has abused power to bully the Republic of Vietnam and agreed to sign the bilateral treaty on May 3, 1967, Entered into force May 3, 1967, 18 UST 546; TIAS 6262; 685 UNTS 207. (See page 328-ISBN 978-1-6624-6387-7 the book Justice for Vietnam by the Author Bright Quang) let the South Vietnamese people and officials pay the income tax to the United States of America- while Sixteenth Amendment solemnly declared and said, “The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.” In the meantime, the United States Congress didn’t enact any laws to get the foreign income tax like the Vietnam War. Therefore, the United States Department of the income Tax has deceived the benefits of the pension of the Vietnamese American war minions. Even though the United States Congress has, every year, praised the Vietnamese American war minions for their valuable active contribution to enrich their second American mother. When their exact properties were lost by the proxy war of America, the United States Congress has never regarded them and their pension’s benefits have not counted- even though we had paid the income tax to the American Government enough while we and the American Armed Forces were side by side fighting against communism. In conclusion, discussing Jurisprudence is solemnly bringing the loyal voice of the studied law to the whole world. Let us realize that the jurisprudence is symbolized by the just cause, concrete truth, and super values of great powerful and modern civilized America and the national American people without having distorted American jurisprudence- therefore, we are, the American national people, discussing for the American studied law when we should discuss what is wrongful and why is perfectly in order to protect the sublime of American jurisprudence while we are bravely lay bare the crimes of the indigenous laws which trapped some foreign nations and undeveloped humankind that is the same as the scientific truth should exactly measure the jurisprudence of the United States of America through the white prism. First, we are, the national American people, proud ourselves because no countries in the whole world had so many the universities law as the same as the United States of America when they have been expressed the just cause of a great powerful and modern civilized America in order to conquer the whole human world- just because the whole human world is skimming over the American Universities law schools, so the human world must admit the studied law in the United States of America that looks like the stranger guest who stands outside of the leg of immense mountains which are full beautiful colorful followers- however the man guy has never understood inside this immense mountain when so many small trees have fallen down by the biggest trees without having anyone heard their voices. At the same time, so many American Universities law schools have only taught jurisprudence, but the American instructors and professors have never heard the suffering voices of the low-level of the bad Americans when they have been sought justice of the great powerful and modern civilized America, just because this low American level has disgraced and left behind of great powerful and modern civilized America. More importantly, in so many enslaved wars in the whole world, they have abused power to force them to come to the United States of America after the wars were invading and subverting their sacred nations. While they have come to the United States of America under the operation's human rights such as the Vietnamese American enslaver war- in the meanwhile, after thirty years of inhuman war of the United States of America have gone, we are, the South Vietnamese officials, finish carrying out the American jurisprudence when we did believed on the American sublime laws and treaties, the United States of America is number one great powerful America. Even worse, we have never doubted the security of the United States of America to sell our sacred nation to mainland China because the American jurisprudence has not only respected its integrity, loyalty, and just cause than its dishonest, unjust law and treaties. For example, the jurisprudence of the Nguyen Dynasty would like to carry out justice for all men who wear low necks. When the Nguyen Dynasty's Courthouse hung a drum up, the Vietnamese plaintiffs came to beat the drum three times. The Nguyen Dynasty judges have not only heard the drum’s voice but also welcomed them and judged emergency without having to deny. However, the United States Courts system did not have it when the American Courts have created difficulties in order to prohibit the American plaintiffs’ petition to wrongful actions. In fact, a Vietnamese American enslaver war has been petition for the sixteen years of settlement case for the Vietnam war -while, he would like to carry out the written law of three American leaders who have self-confessed wrongful actions in the war, but the American Court system has created the difficulty to against the American jurisprudence. Second, just cause of the United States Constitution is exactly expressed by the United States Congress because Congress is the highest of national authorities- therefore, the congress is the same as the Constitutional court in order to judge the biggest national situation like the Congress has been impeached for some American Presidents without having the right of the US Department of Justice because the US Department of Justice is under the right of the US Congress and President. In fact, the United States Constitution and Congress did not enact any Acts to allow the Department of Justice to prosecute any congress people or presidents. Next, the universal truth of the American jurisprudence shall not omit any statutes when the United States Congress has solemnly approved them. In these circumstances that is the same as the law and treaties of the United States of America had signed with the Republic of Vietnam. Because the law is law and the treaty is a treaty, the United States Congress can not think them to play a game of hoax. More importantly, the universal truth of the United States Constitution ought to firmly protect the American citizens by the American jurisprudence when the United States Constitution did not protect any foreign citizens. That is why the United States Congress has self-enacted the law to invade and subvert so many foreign nations like the Republic of Vietnam while the American congress people did not have any Vietnamese citizens which is why the United States Congress people have self-interfered into the interior government of the Republic of Vietnam. Why does the American Congress distort 22 USC §2451 - Congressional statement of purpose in oneself? Provided that, why does the United States Congress enact the jurisprudence, but not carry them out? Just because jurisprudence symbolizes loyalty, just cause, and justice of great powerful and modern civilized America which is not the same as delusive laws for humankind. In the meanwhile, three multilateral and thirty-seven bilateral treaties of the United States were approved by the United States Congress and solemnly endorsed by the United Nations Organization. Finally, the United States Congress created jurisprudence in order to express the objective truth of the United States of America to why has the Congress self-torn them? What does the American mean for jurisprudence? Finally, the measure of jurisprudence is equally enforced for all of the American national people without having discriminated against the national color races by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. On the other hand, the playing war yard is equal to each other if the United States of America has won the Vietnam War. The United States of America has not only been expressed by Heroic Americanism but also highly impressed in the whole world by great powerful and modern civilized America. On the contrary, the United States Congress used the delusive law in order to trap many weak foreign nations like the Republic of Vietnam. So, the American dignity has permanently been lost by oneself. That is like President Lincoln said, “You can fool all people some of the time and some people all the time, but you can never fool all people all the time." Even so, the American jurisprudence is like the sunrise which shins all the earth when human beings have self-estimated it. Therefore, the American jurisprudence can deceive the Vietnam War for one time, but it can not ever cheat the whole world. Even worse, the American jurisprudence has a super magic: the Vietnamese American enslaved war for one time when the sublime values of the great powerful and modern civilized America were gradually lost values by time and space for the long run. California, August 15, 2023, Author’s Bright Quang

The Expressionless of Great Powerful Country

The Expressionless of Great Powerful Nation, The expressionlessness of the injustice power has never shared a burden of suffering of the Vietnamese people and officials in the Vietnam War when the American injustice powers have never regretted, but the injustice powers are happily interested in self- betrayed their Vietnam ally oneself. Even worse, after the injustice powers had sold the Republic of Vietnam to mainland China, the American power hadn't considered the worst Vietnam situation-for example, one million Southern officials were sent to many concentration camps, the greatest powerful and modern civilized America have not carried the American Human Rights out to help us when the Vietnamese communist regime has freely been applied the jungle of law. In fact, the three hundred thousand Southern officials were freely assassinated by the Vietnamese communists without having openly judged while we were sent to Vietnamese communist jails. More importantly, the American Government and American Human Rights always protect their children when the children of the Republic of Vietnam have not only had school to study but also are homeless. On the other hand, when the greatest powerful and modern civilized America played the hands-off policy in the Vietnam War, the United States of America has never respected three multilateral and the thirty-seven bilateral treaties signed with the Republic of Vietnam. So, the nominal values of the United States treaties are values less than the toilet tissue. However, if a few foreign countries violated the United States treaties, the United States Congress would quickly enact the law to order that the American president has not only invaded but also subverted and bombed them to completely destroy them. Finally, the United States of America has never expressed loyalty, just cause, and justice because the United States of America has needed for more battles in the world without having respected any victories in the wars. Even so, the weapon technology's industry of the United States of America is more important to American economics than humanism- therefore; the expressionlessness of great powerful and modern civilized America is often taking place in the world that is logical with "America has no permanent friends and enemies, only interests."

The true Gold isn't fear the fire

What can he do for the income tax when the South Vietnamese were side by side together with the American Armed Forces fighting against socialism while it has not only threatened the American enrichment but also violated safety of Americanism, but we, the Vietnamese American war minions to pay the income tax to the American Government by a bilateral treaty signed in Saigon on May 3, 1967? However, when we have returned to our second American Mother, our second mother didn't carry our any benefits of pension of war minions. Finally, the American Government has always punished a few American citizens who have not only escaped the income tax but also prosecuted them and sent them to jails. That is why what has the United States of America had taken the income tax of the Republic of Vietnam for what matters while our sacred Vietnam was sold by three multilateral and thirty-seven bilateral treaties of the United States of America signed with the Republic of Vietnam? Third, he says, "The true gold is not fear the fire as man talks the truth, he isn't fear the law. Bright Quang

Analyzing Jurisprudence,

Analyzing Jurisprudence,  To analyze for the jurisprudence of the indigenous American because he hasn't studied any law studies- However, from day the American courts of the United States of America has been denied his settlement case of the Vietnamese American war minimion -just because no native Americans attorneys who helped for his settlement case to include the Lawyers of Asian association was together with the indigenous lawyers denied his settlement case. Therefore, he has spent three years in self-help to study jurisprudence in self-help to help him struggle for justice in a great powerful and modern civilized America. First, the indigenous laws look like the boundless sea or the enormous mountains without having the leg. In a way, he is very interesting 1 USC§ 112 a, §112b, and §113, and §204, and § 106. But he is impressed by 1USC§ 112, which is Statutes at Large; contents; admissibility in evidence- he has been following the Ex-president Trump case up. Therefore, he would like to prove the jurisprudence of the greatest powerful America. If the national American people think his analysis is wrongful, the national American people should forgive him. More importantly, to 11 USC§ 112 that all words of the American President are permanent evidence of the laws enacted, the American presidents have solemnly had proclamations. In fact, during the Vietnam War, the American Presidents have directly approved all multilateral and bilateral treaties which is why the United States Congress hasn’t enforced any laws and treaties-even so, the benefits of the Vietnamese American War minimion, the United States Congress hasn’t carried out. On the other hand, so much word and speech of Ex-president Trump had become into the indigenous law and the US Constitution which is why the United States Department of Justice and the American Courts have been prosecuting their American President like Ex- President Trump because the speeches and words of Ex-president Trump have taken place when he is in official. So, the US Department of Justice and Courts haven’t had any authorities to prosecute him. That is why the opposites of political parties have not only distorted justice but also prejudiced loyalty, just cause, and justice in order to defame America's founding Fathers. Finally, Ex-President Trump hasn’t had wrongful actions when he was an American President. That is why the United States Department of Justice has prosecuted him when the Department of justice is covering Hunter Biden up because Hunter Biden has been violating criminals by himself. Next, the US Department of Justice, the United States Congress, and the American Government have been self-violating 22 USC§ 22 USC 2451, just because an indigenous law has not only been declared for the national American people but also approved by the United Nations Organization again. Ironically, 22 USC§ 2451 has solemnly declared and said, “The purpose of this chapter is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world.” Even worse, the greatest powerful and modern civilized America enacted one way, taking action other ways like the Vietnam War and the fifty-seven wars on the whole world after WWII. If the United States of America has self-expressed as improving oneself, correct oneself, and perfect oneself, the Vietnamese people and one million South Vietnamese Officials have not sent to many concentration camps when the Vietnamese people have been a burden of suffering for a game of hoax of the United States of America. Above, according to Ex-present Trump is defamed by unjust law, disloyalty, and injustice. whether an American common citizen has touched the Equal Right Amendment, hasn't you? Bright Quang

Analyze of the American Situation

Analyze of the American Situation In his opinion that he remembered approximately in 2017, lawyer assistance for President Trump was displaying for Laptop Hunter Biden which is why the fifty ex-FBI officials together signed a letter to confirm this matters were secretly related the Russian Government by President Trump which is the United States Department of Justice hadn't found out the exact matters. Second, a Lawyer assistance who is Ex-Governor New York, he has been found out the Hunter Biden that he was relating criminal with Ukraine which is why the Speaker of House Nancy was big voice to insult President Trump and said, "President Trump hasn't insulted to a famous politic who candidates for presidential- however, at this time, Mr. Biden hadn't had candidates any presidential Which is why at this time, Ex-President Trump has formally had candidates campaigning for American President. That is why the US Department of Justice prosecuted ex-President Trump so many matters. More importantly, Ex- the Speaker of House Nancy was openly torn about the federal speech before the national American people -in the meanwhile, the Speaker of House is represented by the Constitutional Court of the United States of America. Continuing, the Speaker of the House openly impeached President Trump and now, the US Department of Justice secretly plays the game of hoax. To prove, Ex-Vice American Presidents have been hiding the secret documents at University and at home, but the Department of Justice didn't prosecute them which is why the Department of Justice only prosecuted President Trump. Finally, the US Department of Justice has self-naked clothes off that let the national American people see the exact body of the US Department of justice. Finally, when the Republic of Vietnam was peaceful, the US Attorney General Robert Kennedy came to South Vietnam when he visited three national foreign countries Kampuchea, Laos, and Vietnam. So, he stopped at Vietnam when he declared and said, “Vietnam must win to defeat North Vietnam.” Just because the United States Congress just enacted H.R. 7885 Public Law 88-205 approved on December 16, 1963. 11: 00 AM. As a result, at 4:00 PM. President Kennedy has quickly ordered to send the 400 American Armed Forces to the highland of South Vietnam to side by side together with the South Vietnam Armed Forces and 400 American Armed Forces to fight against the Vietnamese communists when it has directly threatened American enrichment and security. In fact, after thirty years of the proxy war of America in Vietnam, the United States of America secretly has not only sold the Republic of Vietnam to mainland China but also betrayed its Vietnam ally without having regrets and self-torn three multilateral and thirty-seven bilateral treaties. In the meantime, Secretary of State Kissinger wished and said, “Why hasn’t the Vietnam Armed Forces completely died soon? Next, the United States of America cut and ran out of Vietnam when General Westmoreland said, “On behalf of the US Armed Forces I would like to apologize to the Veterans of the South Vietnamese Armed Forces for abandoning you guys.” In the meanwhile, Secretary of State Kissinger has, aloud, said, “Vietnam failures we did to ourselves.” Even good, the properties of the Native Americans were left behind of the cut and run out of Vietnam when the US Department of Justice secretly ordered North Vietnam that it ought to repay the properties to the indigenous Americans within Number of Claims 534, Number of Award 192, and Amount of Awards –principal is $99,471,983.51 when Amount of Fund is $203,504,248 and Amount of payment is 100 percent principal plus 80.3 percent interest. (See page 35 of the book Justice for Vietnam by Author Bright Quang) Ironically, Bright Quang has not only carried out 22 USC 1622a Title 22. Transfer of Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States to Department of Justice and 28 USC 1346 a & b the United States as the defendant and June 25, 1948-Chapter 171_Tort Claims Procedure. However, the US Department of Justice to United States District Court- Northern District Court of California always creates difficult matters to deny his settlement case – in the meanwhile, the United States Congress and House had approved his settlement case, but they haven’t yet resolved for him. The believable of the national American people couldn’t have any hopefulness on the United States of private law because Ex-President Trump has been fooled by the US Department of Justice and therefore a weak common American citizen who has been sought Justice of great powerful and modern civilized America for hard time, So, he hopes his settlement case is solemnly awaking the national American people up when we have exactly reevaluated justice of Heroic Americanism.

Kissinger said, " America has no permanent friends and enemies, only interests."

To prove, when a great powerful America has not only invaded Southern East Asia but also invaded a few weak nations like Vietnam, Laos, and Kampuchea when the USA abused power to bully the weak nations. More importantly, on February 4, 1899, in the Treaty of Paris, the USA bought the war of Spanish-Filipino, and the USA seized the Philipsen in 1899-1902. Next, the USA kicked the French invader out of Vietnam at the Geneva Conference in July 20, 1954. after the USA signed multilateral treaty in Saigon on December 23, 1950, Multilateral Treaties and other agreement, and Paris Peace Accords on January 27, 1973, with the Republic of Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea which is why a great powerful and modern civilized America didn't carry out all treaties with Southeast Asian? That is why the USA is one of five members of the United Nations Organization. Let the USA abuse power to bully the weak foreign nations in order to deprive the right of life of Southern East Asian innocently. Why has the USA built so many inhuman wars in the world without needing any victories of the wars. For example, after WWII has done in 1950, the USA has not only invaded and subverted the fifty- seven wars on the whole world, but also bombed thirty-seven in the foreign nations, but the USA didn't dare bombed down in Afghanistan war when the USA cut and run out of at the dark night without having moon and stars. Finally, the rich of the USA is having a trillion-fold of the foreign nations which is why the United States invaded and subverted them without having compensated by the Hague Conventions and international law while the USA Department of Defense published the book Law of War and Land, but the USA has cheated its Vietnam Ally by the American treaties. No parents of the whole world were born the children to let them serve in wars for the USA without having benefits like the USA cheated the Vietnamese American war minions or enslaved war when the US Congress enacted H.Res. 342-Recognizing the 48 anniversary of Black April and the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Let the USA brainwash the human beings and the Vietnamese people who believed the mighty of great powerful America.

The Truths and Integrity

Men have refused the truths of great powerful countries, just because their integrity was lower than people's respect for dignity. Bright Quang

Evaluation for Communism and capitalism

Evaluation for Communism and capitalism In his opinion that capitalism and communism look like the sea-robber-since capitalism carries out for three branches organs, which is called by democracy, freedom and justice, but , it is not respecting for unmitigated punishment for offenders- and therefore Capitalism is not super values of the reality when it is utopian socialism or the so-called is the sup demagogy in order to brainwash the low level of the humankind. In fact, the Vietnam War was approved by the American Congress, Executives, and Ministry of Justice , but the American Government ought to destroy Vietnam after it seized the whole Vietnam and sold it to communism because it walked on its constitution by itself. In contrast, communism did not carry out any three branches, which is called totalitarianism or dictatorial when it has been murdering so much of the humankind without regrets because communism is the barbarous inhumanity on the earth. In fact, many wars invade communism that have not compensated for any war victims because communism is without hard law. Ironically, Capitalism plays a trick on the prisoner of war of the Vietnam war. As a result of the Vietnam war by FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1961–1963, VOLUME II, VIETNAM, 1962 108. Letter From the Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations (Dutton) to the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (Fulbright)1 Washington, March 14, 1962. DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: In Governor Harrimanʼs absence, I am forwarding the Departmentʼs replies to the questions which were presented to him as a result of the executive session of the Foreign Relations Committee concerning Viet-Nam.2 The questions were those put by Senator Morse at the meeting and then by letter subsequently. The enclosed material is provided with the understanding that those portions which are classified are for the sole information of the Committee. If I may be of further assistance, I will appreciate you letting me know. Respectfully, Frederick G. Dutton3 [Page 222] [Enclosure] ANSWERS TO SENATOR WAYNE MORSEʼS QUESTIONS OF FEBRUARY 21, 1962 ON VIET-NAM Q. №1. (Unclassified) From what provisions of the Constitution or treaty or statute does President Kennedy derive the right to order United States military personnel to transport South Vietnamese troops into combat, to return the fire of North Vietnamese, to patrol the sea approaches to South Viet-Nam and to drop propaganda leaflets over areas held by the guerrillas opposing the Government of South Viet-Nam? Answer: (Unclassified) Article II of the Constitution makes the President Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and vests in him the executive power. Article II has also been interpreted as making the President the “sole organ of the nation” in the field of foreign affairs (United Statesv. Curtiss-Wright, 299 U.S. 304, 318 ff. (1936)). These constitutional powers give the President authority to deploy United States military personnel abroad. In addition to the Presidentʼs constitutional powers, the Congress has enacted Section 503 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which authorizes the President to furnish military assistance abroad, interalia, by” … assigning or detailing members of the armed forces of the United States … to perform duties of a noncombatant nature, including those related to training or advice.”4 Furthermore, the United States and Viet-Nam are parties to the agreement for Mutual Defense Assistance in Indochina of December 23, 1950 (TIAS 2447; 3 U.S.T. 2756) which was concluded pursuant to P.L. 329, 81st Congress (63 Stat. 714, 22 U.S.C. 1571–1604). This agreement provides for the furnishing by the United States to Viet-Nam, among others, of military assistance in the form of equipment, material and services. Article IV, paragraph 2, of the agreement states that “To facilitate operations under this agreement, each Government agrees … to receive within its territory such personnel of the United States of America as may be required for the purposes of this agreement … .” Under these provisions the United States has since 1950 provided military assistance to Viet-Nam in the form of training, equipment and logistic support. The activities mentioned in the question are an expansion of this training and logistic support role. The transportation or troops is logistic support. The sea patrols referred to are carefully limited to training operations and the exchange of intelligence with [Page 223]Vietnamese naval units. Our assistance to the Vietnamese in dropping leaflets over isolated parts of Viet-Nam has similarly been confined to training and logistic aspects of the operation. Given the activities in which they are engaged, and the character of guerrilla warfare, in which hostilities occur sporadically at scattered points throughout the country, we had to face the possibility that United States personnel would come under hostile fire. In these circumstances, it was obvious that they would have to be able to defend themselves, and the President has accordingly authorized them to fire, if fired upon, if necessary for self-defense. Q. №2. (Unclassified) Would you discuss the differences and similarities between the present use of United States forces in Viet-Nam and their use in Korea in 1950 and in Lebanon in 1958? Answer: (Unclassified) United States military personnel are presently in Viet-Nam pursuant to a request of the Government of the Republic of Viet-Nam of December 14, 1961 (attached)5and to an Agreement for Mutual Defense Assistance in Indochina of December 23, 1950. These personnel are engaged in activities of a noncombatant nature, primarily in training, logistic and advisory capacities, designed to assist the Government of the Republic of Viet-Nam to counter the indirect aggression directed against it from the North. United States forces were sent into direct combat operations in South Korea to repel the aggressive armed attack launched on June 25, 1950 by North Korea against the Republic of Korea. On the same day the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution calling upon all members to render every assistance to the United Nations in the situation. The Korean National Assembly, on June 26, appealed both to the United States and the United Nations for assistance. On June 27, 1950 the Security Council adopted a resolution recommending that members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as might be necessary to repel the attack. The Security Council, on July 7, established a United Nations Command under the United States. In these circumstances, the President on the basis of his constitutional authority sent United States forces to Korea. United States forces were deployed in Lebanon in 1958 pursuant to an urgent request from the Government of Lebanon which felt itself threatened by externally inspired civil strife. These troops were sent to Lebanon under the Presidentʼs constitutional authority as Commander-in-Chief. President Eisenhower stated that United States forces had been sent to Lebanon “to protect American lives and by their presence there to encourage the Lebanese Government in defense of Lebanese sovereignty and integrity.” [Page 224] It will be recalled that pursuant to President Eisenhowerʼs request the Congress had on March 9, 1957, passed a joint resolution to promote peace and stability in the Middle East which provided in part, “if the President determines the necessity thereof, the United States is prepared to use armed forces to assist any such nation or group of such nations requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism:” (P.L. 85–7, 85th Congress). In sending United States troops to Lebanon, the President did not make use of this joint resolution since the Lebanon situation did not involve Communist armed aggression as contemplated by the resolution. In the Lebanon situation, United States forces were neither engaged in combat operations as in the Korean conflict nor in training or advisory functions as is the case today in Viet-Nam. Their mere presence in Lebanon had the desired effect of helping to restore order and tranquility there. Q. №3. (Unclassified) Would it be appropriate under the Constitution for the President to submit to the Congress a resolution covering the situation in Viet-Nam which would be comparable to the Formosa Resolution of 19556 and the Middle East Resolution of 1957? Answer: (Unclassified) As indicated in question 1 above the President has power under the Constitution to take the actions presently being carried out in Viet-Nam. It is obviously desirable that the Congress understand the basis for Presidential actions of this character and fully support them. Traditionally these objectives have been achieved by consultation between officers of the Executive Branch and members and Committees of Congress having responsibility in the premises, particularly the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In the present case the President has asked that the fullest and freest consultation with the Committee and the Congressional leadership be maintained. He has himself met with appropriate members of the Congress on several occasions to discuss the problems in Viet-Nam. The Secretary has frequently testified before this Committee on the same subject, and has discussed it informally on many occasions with the members of the Committee. The Assistant Secretary for Far Eastern Affairs with appropriate members of his staff are and have been available for the purpose of consultation. On two occasions in the past, where it seemed possible that the President would wish to commit United States forces to combat operations, President Eisenhower decided to invite Congress to associate itself with his exercise of his constitutional functions as Commander-in-Chief, primarily in order to provide a convincing demonstration of United States unity on the issues there involved. We have not thought [Page 225]that such action has been called for to this point. However, should circumstances develop in which a formal expression of Congressional support seems desirable, the President undoubtedly would not hesitate to seek an appropriate resolution. Q. №4. (Unclassified) To what extent are the actions by United States military personnel in South Viet-Nam considered to be combat actions? Answer: (Unclassified) As the President said in his Press Conference on February 14, “We have not sent combat troops in the generally understood sense of the word.”7 The United States is assisting Vietnamese combat units with training, logistics, transportation and advisory personnel. The nature of the activities in which United States military personnel are engaged in Viet-Nam is dictated by the very character of guerrilla war. Hostilities are not concentrated in any well-defined area; rather, fighting is likely to break out sporadically and without warning in any part of the country. The “front” is not fixed as in the classical situation; the front literally is everywhere. In these circumstances, as indicated in Question 1 above, the President has ordered our military personnel in Viet-Nam to fire back in self-defense if fired upon. As noted above, United States military personnel in Viet-Nam are noncombatants. In the seven years since 1955 violence in Viet-Nam has claimed about 26,000 casualties. Of these, fifteen have been American personnel (four killed, ten wounded, one missing). Despite our increased activities in Viet-Nam, we would hope that these casualties can continue to be kept at a minimum. Q. №5. (Unclassified) Is the action of the United States in Viet-Nam inconsistent with the agreement of July 1954 on the cessation of hostilities in Viet-Nam, having particular reference to Chapter III entitled “Ban on Introduction of Fresh Troops, Military Personnel, Arms and Munitions, Military Bases”? (End Unclassified) Answer: (Confidential) The United States did not sign the 1954 Geneva Accords and is not a party thereto. At the time of conclusion of the Accords, Under Secretary of State Walter Bedell Smith stated that the United States “would view any renewal of the aggression in violation of the … agreements with grave concern and as seriously threatening international peace and security.” We have maintained the view expressed in General Smithʼs statement, and our present actions in Viet-Nam are fully in accord with that policy. However, North Viet-Nam which is a party to the Accords has consistently violated the agreements by directing, assisting, supplying, and reinforcing guerrilla forces in South Viet-Nam and by illegal introduction into North Viet-Nam of military personnel and war materials. [Page 226] International law recognizes the principle that a material breach of a treaty by one party entitles the other at least to withhold compliance with an equivalent, corresponding or related provision until the other party is prepared to observe its obligations. Both the United States and Viet-Nam have made it clear that if North Viet-Nam would comply with the provisions of the Geneva Accords, increased United States assistance would no longer be necessary. Legally, the actions of the Government of the Republic of Viet-Nam in requesting and receiving additional assistance from the United States are fully consistent with the above principle. Justification for the application of the principle of law outlined above gains force in the present context from the fact that actions being taken by the Government of Viet-Nam can be related to the requirements of legitimate self-defense necessitated by the breaches of the other party. (End Confidential) Q. №6. (Unclassified) Section 503 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 authorizes the President to assist a friendly country by providing defense articles and by assigning military personnel “to perform duties of a noncombatant nature”. To what extent are the operations of United States Forces in Viet-Nam being paid for out of appropriations made pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961? (End Unclassified) Answer: (Begin Confidential) As of March 1, 1962, fiscal year 1962 operations in Viet-Nam have been funded to the extent of $151.3 million from appropriations made pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and $49.6 million from Department of Defense appropriations. These figures are subject to adjustment by the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) in accordance with the following guideline issued by the Secretary of Defense: “Under MAP financing procedures, reimbursement is made to the Military Service for materiel and/or services delivered or furnished to a recipient country against an approved and funded Military Assistance Program. On the other hand, where a Military Service has been assigned a U.S. military mission in a foreign country by the Secretary of Defense through the Joint Chiefs of Staff, all costs involved will be charged to the Military Service Appropriation.” Salaries of all military personnel are, of course, funded from their Service appropriations and are not included in the above estimates. (End Confidential) Q. №7. (Unclassified) What are the plans of this Administration, if any, to bring the South Viet-Nam issues before the United Nations? Answer: (Confidential) The Administration has no present plans to bring the Viet-Nam situation before the United Nations Security Council or General Assembly for debate or action. However, Viet-Namʼs case has been officially brought to the attention of the United [Page 227]Nations and its members. The State Department paper on Viet-Nam entitled “A Threat to the Peace” was transmitted to the Secretary General and all members on December 8, 1961. The Government of the Republic of Viet-Namʼs own presentation of the facts has been made known to the members. The Secretary General, at the request of the Australian Delegation, circulated to all United Nations members copies of Vietnamese Notes to the International Control Commission on January 10, 1962. (End Confidential) Q. №8. (Unclassified) What do we consider to be our obligation to SEATO in regard to supplying military aid and economic aid to South Viet-Nam? Answer: (Confidential) Under Article IV (1) of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty and the Protocol to the Treaty, the United States is committed, in the event of Communist aggression by means of armed attack against the Republic of Viet-Nam, to act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes. In the case of a threat to Viet-Nam other than armed attack, the parties to the Treaty have agreed under Article IV (2) to consult in order to agree on measures which should be taken for the common defense. Under Article IV (3) of the Treaty, no action can be taken on the territory of Viet-Nam except at the invitation or with the consent of the Government of the Republic of Viet-Nam. There has been no request by Viet-Nam for SEATO action. There is, of course, nothing in the Treaty which prevents the United States from taking action bilaterally with the Republic of Viet-Nam outside the framework of the Treaty. Several years before the creation of SEATO, the United States began to supply military assistance (1950-TIAS 2447) and Economic Aid (1951-TIAS 2346). A good working relationship for dealing with the fast-moving complexities of a guerrilla war has been established. We have consulted regularly in the SEATO Council Representatives with our Treaty partners on the situation in Viet-Nam. We have informed them of our efforts there and have urged them to join in helping Viet-Nam. A majority of the members are doing so. (End Confidential) Q. №9. (Unclassified) What is the Administrationʼs answer to the accumulating evidence that the Government of Viet-Nam is not an effective government, that it is a corrupt government, and that it is a government that will probably fall at some time in the absence of U.S. support? (End Unclassified) Answer: (Begin Secret) The effectiveness of the Vietnamese Government can only be judged against its circumstances. It is a new country emerging from fifteen years of war and eighty years of colonial control. During half its six years of existence it has fought off the threat of Communist conquest. Its political policy has been to lay the [Page 228]infrastructure of democracy” through education, transportation and communication. Despite the war the number of children in Vietnamese elementary schools has grown in five years to 1,100,000, an increase of 272%, and a far better record than that of Communist North Viet-Nam. The Government of Viet-Nam has also made a proud record in expanding transportation, communication and health services. Its per capita food production and per capita gross national product are growing and are both higher than in North Viet-Nam. This is a good indication that the Government of free Viet-Nam with U.S. help has made more effective progress than North Viet-Nam under Communist control. Statistical evidence carefully compiled from the best sources available is enclosed.8 On the other hand Government effectiveness in South Viet-Nam has been hampered by over-centralization, overlapping agencies and insufficient understanding between the governing and the governed. While this is partly due to the lack of competent administrators, it is also true that a greater number of competent administrators could have been developed if they had been given more responsibility and authority. Another fact which has hampered the effectiveness of the Government of Viet-Nam is that President Diem does not possess the magnetic qualities needed to rally his people enthusiastically to his Governmentʼs programs. There is evidence of corruption in the Government of Viet-Nam. There is no evidence of corruption on the part of President Diem and he has carried on an extensive and well-publicized campaign to punish corrupt officials. Several have been publicly tried and punished. Some official corruption is endemic in Southeast Asian countries. The amount of corruption in Viet-Nam does not appear to be greater than in neighboring countries. However, it has damaged the prestige of the Government of Viet-Nam because exaggerated stories of official corruption are widely believed. We have checked these stories carefully and found no evidence for many of them. However, the Government of Viet-Nam has not done an effective job setting the record straight with its own people. Two attempts have been made against President Diem. Both were military in origin and seem to have been motivated by the feeling that the government was not giving them the authority to press on vigorously with the anti-Communist struggle. The attempts failed. President Diem is clearly in control as the legitimate and elected head of the government. No other group has any appreciable degree of popular support. In the circumstances of war and tension existing in Viet-Nam, [Page 229]some discontent must be expected. Also the trouble lies partly with Diemʼs inability to project adequately his own many good qualities of leadership to his people. (End Secret) Q. №10. (Unclassified) What actions has President Diem taken in regard to the 9 points for reform which he and Ambassador Nolting agreed to in December?9 Answer: (Unclassified) Varying progress has been made on all the points on which President Diem and Ambassador Nolting Reached agreement in early December. Since their understanding intimately affects the interests of both governments and the prosecution of Viet-Namʼs defense effort, it cannot be spelled out in detail. However, the following has clearly emerged in the intervening three months: 1. There is a much closer and more effective working relationship between the United States Government and the Government of Viet-Nam. 2. American military advisers have been accepted and listened to in a variety of roles. 3. The Vietnamese National Internal Security Council (War Cabinet) has met more frequently and is playing a somewhat greater role. 4. There has been increased freedom of debate in the National Assembly. 5. The military command structure has been strengthened, but considerable improvement is still needed. 6. U.S. and Vietnamese officials have embarked on joint studies of local conditions. 7. Civic action and plans for village and hamlet defense are being made. Further coordination and better implementation are needed. 8. Provincial Councils are being created. It is too soon to judge their usefulness. 9. There have been increases in military salaries and benefits. 10. A wide range of sound measures have put the economy on a sounder basis. 11. A National Economic Council has been formed and has commenced examination of government development plans. Its activities will be slow and cautious. 12. The effectiveness of military intelligence has been greatly increased. 13. Flood relief and rehabilitation have been carried out with good effect. 14. The President has increased his travels to the provinces. 15. Public information has definitely improved. [Page 230] Q. №11. (Unclassified) Do the Attorney Generalʼs remarks10 at the Saigon Airport represent the policy of the Administration? Were they cleared by the President or the Department of State in advance? _________ PS: 11. Source: Department of State, Central Files, 611.51K/2–2162. Secret. No drafting information appears on the source text, but a copy of a similar letter that was not sent is attached, listing Wood as the drafter with clearances by Aldrich and Vance (DOD) as well as Oakley, Chayes, Rice, Cottrell, and Sarris in the Department of State. The source text lists as attachments: (1) Questions and Answers on Vietnam; (2) Letter to [from] Senator Morse, (3) Letter from President Kennedy to President Diem; and (4) “The Economics of North and South Vietnam.” Only the first two are attached and only the first is printed. The letter from Senator Morse, February 21, submitted additional questions to Harriman, which are included in the attached Questions and Answers.↩ 12. The transcript of the Executive Session at which Harriman testified on February 20, is in National Archives, RG 46, SFRC Files.↩ 13. Printed from a copy that bears this typed signature.↩ 14. P.L. 87–195, September 4, 1961; 75 Stat. 424. These and subsequent ellipses are in the source text.↩ 15. Not attached to the source text, but presumably a reference to Kennedyʼs letter of December 14; see Foreign Relations, 1961–1963, vol. I, Document 322.↩ 16. See American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955: Basic Documents, vol. II, p. 2486.↩ 17. See footnote 3, Document 68.↩ 18. Not attached to the source text.↩ 19. The Joint Memorandum of Understanding, December 4, 1961, was transmitted to the Department in telegram 756 from Saigon, December 4. (Department of State, Central Files, 751K.00/12–461)↩ 20. During his tour of Asia, Attorney General Robert Kennedy stopped in Saigon for about an hour while his plane was refueled. In response to a question from a newsman, he made a statement to the effect that the United States was in South Vietnam to win.↩ As a result, FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1961–1963, VOLUME II, VIETNAM, 1962 108. Letter From the Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations (Dutton) to the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (Fulbright)1 Washington, March 14, 1962. DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: In Governor Harrimanʼs absence, I am forwarding the Departmentʼs replies to the questions which were presented to him as a result of the executive session of the Foreign Relations Committee concerning Viet-Nam.2 The questions were those put by Senator Morse at the meeting and then by letter subsequently. The enclosed material is provided with the understanding that those portions which are classified are for the sole information of the Committee. If I may be of further assistance, I will appreciate you letting me know. Respectfully, Frederick G. Dutton3 [Page 222] [Enclosure] ANSWERS TO SENATOR WAYNE MORSEʼS QUESTIONS OF FEBRUARY 21, 1962 ON VIET-NAM Q. №1. (Unclassified) From what provisions of the Constitution or treaty or statute does President Kennedy derive the right to order United States military personnel to transport South Vietnamese troops into combat, to return the fire of North Vietnamese, to patrol the sea approaches to South Viet-Nam and to drop propaganda leaflets over areas held by the guerrillas opposing the Government of South Viet-Nam? Answer: (Unclassified) Article II of the Constitution makes the President Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and vests in him the executive power. Article II has also been interpreted as making the President the “sole organ of the nation” in the field of foreign affairs (United Statesv. Curtiss-Wright, 299 U.S. 304, 318 ff. (1936)). These constitutional powers give the President authority to deploy United States military personnel abroad. In addition to the Presidentʼs constitutional powers, the Congress has enacted Section 503 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which authorizes the President to furnish military assistance abroad, inter alia, by” … assigning or detailing members of the armed forces of the United States … to perform duties of a noncombatant nature, including those related to training or advice.”4 Furthermore, the United States and Viet-Nam are parties to the agreement for Mutual Defense Assistance in Indochina of December 23, 1950 (TIAS 2447; 3 U.S.T. 2756) which was concluded pursuant to P.L. 329, 81st Congress (63 Stat. 714, 22 U.S.C. 1571–1604). This agreement provides for the furnishing by the United States to Viet-Nam, among others, of military assistance in the form of equipment, material and services. Article IV, paragraph 2, of the agreement states that “To facilitate operations under this agreement, each Government agrees … to receive within its territory such personnel of the United States of America as may be required for the purposes of this agreement … .” Under these provisions the United States has since 1950 provided military assistance to Viet-Nam in the form of training, equipment and logistic support. The activities mentioned in the question are an expansion of this training and logistic support role. The transportation or troops is logistic support. The sea patrols referred to are carefully limited to training operations and the exchange of intelligence with [Page 223]Vietnamese naval units. Our assistance to the Vietnamese in dropping leaflets over isolated parts of Viet-Nam has similarly been confined to training and logistic aspects of the operation. Given the activities in which they are engaged, and the character of guerrilla warfare, in which hostilities occur sporadically at scattered points throughout the country, we had to face the possibility that United States personnel would come under hostile fire. In these circumstances, it was obvious that they would have to be able to defend themselves, and the President has accordingly authorized them to fire, if fired upon, if necessary for self-defense. Q. №2. (Unclassified) Would you discuss the differences and similarities between the present use of United States forces in Viet-Nam and their use in Korea in 1950 and in Lebanon in 1958? Answer: (Unclassified) United States military personnel are presently in Viet-Nam pursuant to a request of the Government of the Republic of Viet-Nam of December 14, 1961 (attached)5and to an Agreement for Mutual Defense Assistance in Indochina of December 23, 1950. These personnel are engaged in activities of a noncombatant nature, primarily in training, logistic and advisory capacities, designed to assist the Government of the Republic of Viet-Nam to counter the indirect aggression directed against it from the North. United States forces were sent into direct combat operations in South Korea to repel the aggressive armed attack launched on June 25, 1950 by North Korea against the Republic of Korea. On the same day the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution calling upon all members to render every assistance to the United Nations in the situation. The Korean National Assembly, on June 26, appealed both to the United States and the United Nations for assistance. On June 27, 1950 the Security Council adopted a resolution recommending that members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as might be necessary to repel the attack. The Security Council, on July 7, established a United Nations Command under the United States. In these circumstances, the President on the basis of his constitutional authority sent United States forces to Korea. United States forces were deployed in Lebanon in 1958 pursuant to an urgent request from the Government of Lebanon which felt itself threatened by externally inspired civil strife. These troops were sent to Lebanon under the Presidentʼs constitutional authority as Commander-in-Chief. President Eisenhower stated that United States forces had been sent to Lebanon “to protect American lives and by their presence there to encourage the Lebanese Government in defense of Lebanese sovereignty and integrity.” [Page 224] It will be recalled that pursuant to President Eisenhowerʼs request the Congress had on March 9, 1957, passed a joint resolution to promote peace and stability in the Middle East which provided in part, “if the President determines the necessity thereof, the United States is prepared to use armed forces to assist any such nation or group of such nations requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism:” (P.L. 85–7, 85th Congress). In sending United States troops to Lebanon, the President did not make use of this joint resolution since the Lebanon situation did not involve Communist armed aggression as contemplated by the resolution. In the Lebanon situation, United States forces were neither engaged in combat operations as in the Korean conflict nor in training or advisory functions as is the case today in Viet-Nam. Their mere presence in Lebanon had the desired effect of helping to restore order and tranquility there. Q. №3. (Unclassified) Would it be appropriate under the Constitution for the President to submit to the Congress a resolution covering the situation in Viet-Nam which would be comparable to the Formosa Resolution of 19556 and the Middle East Resolution of 1957? Answer: (Unclassified) As indicated in question 1 above the President has power under the Constitution to take the actions presently being carried out in Viet-Nam. It is obviously desirable that the Congress understand the basis for Presidential actions of this character and fully support them. Traditionally these objectives have been achieved by consultation between officers of the Executive Branch and members and Committees of Congress having responsibility in the premises, particularly the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In the present case the President has asked that the fullest and freest consultation with the Committee and the Congressional leadership be maintained. He has himself met with appropriate members of the Congress on several occasions to discuss the problems in Viet-Nam. The Secretary has frequently testified before this Committee on the same subject, and has discussed it informally on many occasions with the members of the Committee. The Assistant Secretary for Far Eastern Affairs with appropriate members of his staff are and have been available for the purpose of consultation. On two occasions in the past, where it seemed possible that the President would wish to commit United States forces to combat operations, President Eisenhower decided to invite Congress to associate itself with his exercise of his constitutional functions as Commander-in-Chief, primarily in order to provide a convincing demonstration of United States unity on the issues there involved. We have not thought [Page 225]that such action has been called for to this point. However, should circumstances develop in which a formal expression of Congressional support seems desirable, the President undoubtedly would not hesitate to seek an appropriate resolution. Q. №4. (Unclassified) To what extent are the actions by United States military personnel in South Viet-Nam considered to be combat actions? Answer: (Unclassified) As the President said in his Press Conference on February 14, “We have not sent combat troops in the generally understood sense of the word.”7 The United States is assisting Vietnamese combat units with training, logistics, transportation and advisory personnel. The nature of the activities in which United States military personnel are engaged in Viet-Nam is dictated by the very character of guerrilla war. Hostilities are not concentrated in any well-defined area; rather, fighting is likely to break out sporadically and without warning in any part of the country. The “front” is not fixed as in the classical situation; the front literally is everywhere. In these circumstances, as indicated in Question 1 above, the President has ordered our military personnel in Viet-Nam to fire back in self-defense if fired upon. As noted above, United States military personnel in Viet-Nam are noncombatants. In the seven years since 1955 violence in Viet-Nam has claimed about 26,000 casualties. Of these, fifteen have been American personnel (four killed, ten wounded, one missing). Despite our increased activities in Viet-Nam, we would hope that these casualties can continue to be kept at a minimum. Q. №5. (Unclassified) Is the action of the United States in Viet-Nam inconsistent with the agreement of July 1954 on the cessation of hostilities in Viet-Nam, having particular reference to Chapter III entitled “Ban on Introduction of Fresh Troops, Military Personnel, Arms and Munitions, Military Bases”? (End Unclassified) Answer: (Confidential) The United States did not sign the 1954 Geneva Accords and is not a party thereto. At the time of conclusion of the Accords, Under Secretary of State Walter Bedell Smith stated that the United States “would view any renewal of the aggression in violation of the … agreements with grave concern and as seriously threatening international peace and security.” We have maintained the view expressed in General Smithʼs statement, and our present actions in Viet-Nam are fully in accord with that policy. However, North Viet-Nam which is a party to the Accords has consistently violated the agreements by directing, assisting, supplying, and reinforcing guerrilla forces in South Viet-Nam and by illegal introduction into North Viet-Nam of military personnel and war materials. [Page 226] International law recognizes the principle that a material breach of a treaty by one party entitles the other at least to withhold compliance with an equivalent, corresponding or related provision until the other party is prepared to observe its obligations. Both the United States and Viet-Nam have made it clear that if North Viet-Nam would comply with the provisions of the Geneva Accords, increased United States assistance would no longer be necessary. Legally, the actions of the Government of the Republic of Viet-Nam in requesting and receiving additional assistance from the United States are fully consistent with the above principle. Justification for the application of the principle of law outlined above gains force in the present context from the fact that actions being taken by the Government of Viet-Nam can be related to the requirements of legitimate self-defense necessitated by the breaches of the other party. (End Confidential) Q. №6. (Unclassified) Section 503 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 authorizes the President to assist a friendly country by providing defense articles and by assigning military personnel “to perform duties of a noncombatant nature”. To what extent are the operations of United States Forces in Viet-Nam being paid for out of appropriations made pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961? (End Unclassified) Answer: (Begin Confidential) As of March 1, 1962, fiscal year 1962 operations in Viet-Nam have been funded to the extent of $151.3 million from appropriations made pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and $49.6 million from Department of Defense appropriations. These figures are subject to adjustment by the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) in accordance with the following guideline issued by the Secretary of Defense: “Under MAP financing procedures, reimbursement is made to the Military Service for materiel and/or services delivered or furnished to a recipient country against an approved and funded Military Assistance Program. On the other hand, where a Military Service has been assigned a U.S. military mission in a foreign country by the Secretary of Defense through the Joint Chiefs of Staff, all costs involved will be charged to the Military Service Appropriation.” Salaries of all military personnel are, of course, funded from their Service appropriations and are not included in the above estimates. (End Confidential) Q. №7. (Unclassified) What are the plans of this Administration, if any, to bring the South Viet-Nam issues before the United Nations? Answer: (Confidential) The Administration has no present plans to bring the Viet-Nam situation before the United Nations Security Council or General Assembly for debate or action. However, Viet-Namʼs case has been officially brought to the attention of the United [Page 227]Nations and its members. The State Department paper on Viet-Nam entitled “A Threat to the Peace” was transmitted to the Secretary General and all members on December 8, 1961. The Government of the Republic of Viet-Namʼs own presentation of the facts has been made known to the members. The Secretary General, at the request of the Australian Delegation, circulated to all United Nations members copies of Vietnamese Notes to the International Control Commission on January 10, 1962. (End Confidential) Q. №8. (Unclassified) What do we consider to be our obligation to SEATO in regard to supplying military aid and economic aid to South Viet-Nam? Answer: (Confidential) Under Article IV (1) of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty and the Protocol to the Treaty, the United States is committed, in the event of Communist aggression by means of armed attack against the Republic of Viet-Nam, to act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes. In the case of a threat to Viet-Nam other than armed attack, the parties to the Treaty have agreed under Article IV (2) to consult in order to agree on measures which should be taken for the common defense. Under Article IV (3) of the Treaty, no action can be taken on the territory of Viet-Nam except at the invitation or with the consent of the Government of the Republic of Viet-Nam. There has been no request by Viet-Nam for SEATO action. There is, of course, nothing in the Treaty which prevents the United States from taking action bilaterally with the Republic of Viet-Nam outside the framework of the Treaty. Several years before the creation of SEATO, the United States began to supply military assistance (1950-TIAS 2447) and Economic Aid (1951-TIAS 2346). A good working relationship for dealing with the fast-moving complexities of a guerrilla war has been established. We have consulted regularly with the SEATO Council Representatives with our Treaty partners on the situation in Viet-Nam. We have informed them of our efforts there and have urged them to join in helping Viet-Nam. A majority of the members are doing so. (End Confidential) Q. №9. (Unclassified) What is the Administrationʼs answer to the accumulating evidence that the Government of Viet-Nam is not an effective government, that it is a corrupt government, and that it is a government that will probably fall at some time in the absence of U.S. support? (End Unclassified) Answer: (Begin Secret) The effectiveness of the Vietnamese Government can only be judged against its circumstances. It is a new country emerging from fifteen years of war and eighty years of colonial control. During half its six years of existence it has fought off the threat of Communist conquest. Its political policy has been to lay the [Page 228]infrastructure of democracy” through education, transportation and communication. Despite the war the number of children in Vietnamese elementary schools has grown in five years to 1,100,000, an increase of 272%, and a far better record than that of Communist North Viet-Nam. The Government of Viet-Nam has also made a proud record in expanding transportation, communication and health services. Its per capita food production and per capita gross national product are growing and are both higher than in North Viet-Nam. This is a good indication that the Government of free Viet-Nam with U.S. help has made more effective progress than North Viet-Nam under Communist control. Statistical evidence carefully compiled from the best sources available is enclosed.8 On the other hand Government effectiveness in South Viet-Nam has been hampered by over-centralization, overlapping agencies and insufficient understanding between the governing and the governed. While this is partly due to the lack of competent administrators, it is also true that a greater number of competent administrators could have been developed if they had been given more responsibility and authority. Another fact which has hampered the effectiveness of the Government of Viet-Nam is that President Diem does not possess the magnetic qualities needed to rally his people enthusiastically to his Governmentʼs programs. There is evidence of corruption in the Government of Viet-Nam. There is no evidence of corruption on the part of President Diem and he has carried on an extensive and well-publicized campaign to punish corrupt officials. Several have been publicly tried and punished. Some official corruption is endemic in Southeast Asian countries. The amount of corruption in Viet-Nam does not appear to be greater than in neighboring countries. However, it has damaged the prestige of the Government of Viet-Nam because exaggerated stories of official corruption are widely believed. We have checked these stories carefully and found no evidence for many of them. However, the Government of Viet-Nam has not done an effective job setting the record straight with its own people. Two attempts have been made against President Diem. Both were military in origin and seem to have been motivated by the feeling that the government was not giving them the authority to press on vigorously with the anti-Communist struggle. The attempts failed. President Diem is clearly in control as the legitimate and elected head of the government. No other group has any appreciable degree of popular support. In the circumstances of war and tension existing in Viet-Nam, [Page 229]some discontent must be expected. Also the trouble lies partly with Diemʼs inability to project adequately his own many good qualities of leadership to his people. (End Secret) Q. №10. (Unclassified) What actions has President Diem taken in regard to the 9 points for reform which he and Ambassador Nolting agreed to in December?9 Answer: (Unclassified) Varying progress has been made on all the points on which President Diem and Ambassador Nolting Reached agreement in early December. Since their understanding intimately affects the interests of both governments and the prosecution of Viet-Namʼs defense effort, it cannot be spelled out in detail. However, the following has clearly emerged in the intervening three months: 1. There is a much closer and more effective working relationship between the United States Government and the Government of Viet-Nam. 2. American military advisers have been accepted and listened to in a variety of roles. 3. The Vietnamese National Internal Security Council (War Cabinet) has met more frequently and is playing a somewhat greater role. 4. There has been increased freedom of debate in the National Assembly. 5. The military command structure has been strengthened, but considerable improvement is still needed. 6. U.S. and Vietnamese officials have embarked on joint studies of local conditions. 7. Civic action and plans for village and hamlet defense are being made. Further coordination and better implementation are needed. 8. Provincial Councils are being created. It is too soon to judge their usefulness. 9. There have been increases in military salaries and benefits. 10. A wide range of sound measures have put the economy on a sounder basis. 11. A National Economic Council has been formed and has commenced examination of government development plans. Its activities will be slow and cautious. 12. The effectiveness of military intelligence has been greatly increased. 13. Flood relief and rehabilitation have been carried out with good effect. 14. The President has increased his travels to the provinces. 15. Public information has definitely improved. [Page 230] Q. №11. (Unclassified) Do the Attorney Generalʼs remarks10 at the Saigon Airport represent the policy of the Administration? Were they cleared by the President or the Department of State in advance? _________ PS: 11. Source: Department of State, Central Files, 611.51K/2–2162. Secret. No drafting information appears on the source text, but a copy of a similar letter that was not sent is attached, listing Wood as the drafter with clearances by Aldrich and Vance (DOD) as well as Oakley, Chayes, Rice, Cottrell, and Sarris in the Department of State. The source text lists as attachments: (1) Questions and Answers on Vietnam; (2) Letter to [from] Senator Morse, (3) Letter from President Kennedy to President Diem; and (4) “The Economics of North and South Vietnam.” Only the first two are attached and only the first is printed. The letter from Senator Morse, February 21, submitted additional questions to Harriman, which are included in the attached Questions and Answers.↩ 12. The transcript of the Executive Session at which Harriman testified on February 20, is in National Archives, RG 46, SFRC Files.↩ 13. Printed from a copy that bears this typed signature.↩ 14. P.L. 87–195, September 4, 1961; 75 Stat. 424. These and subsequent ellipses are in the source text.↩ 15. Not attached to the source text, but presumably a reference to Kennedyʼs letter of December 14; see Foreign Relations, 1961–1963, vol. I, Document 322.↩ 16. See American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955: Basic Documents, vol. II, p. 2486.↩ 17. See footnote 3, Document 68.↩ 18. Not attached to the source text.↩ 19. The Joint Memorandum of Understanding, December 4, 1961, was transmitted to the Department in telegram 756 from Saigon, December 4. (Department of State, Central Files, 751K.00/12–461)↩ 20. During his tour of Asia, Attorney General Robert Kennedy stopped in Saigon for about an hour while his plane was refueled. In response to a question from a newsman, he made a statement to the effect that the United States was in South Vietnam to win.↩ www.brightquang.com What does he somehow understand about to Rule of law or Rule by law of the government of the United States of America because Distort justice is national traitor?